tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6696228672806309632023-11-15T15:49:48.316-03:00KareykuA Work In Progress...Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-85547389436984647182012-12-22T13:34:00.000-03:002012-12-22T13:34:00.581-03:00Admonitive moodThe Admonitive is a rare mood I must confess, it is a somewhat cousin to the Imperative but asking for someone to grant permission to do something. In any case it implies the meaning of "letting someone do something", instead of complete commanding of something. As it adds an argument it stands quite differently from the imperative, it does not have a particular transition all to itself, but rather uses a suffix attached to a transition. Let's get a look at it:<br />
<br />
If I can say:<br />
<br />
<b>tanakas</b>, I speak<br />
<br />
You can use the imperative: <b>tananma</b>, speak!<br />
<br />
Or the admonitive: <b>tanakabin</b>, let me speak!<br />
<br />
You could also add a pronoun, so you would get:<br />
<br />
<b>shiran tanakebin</b>, don't let me speak to him!<br />
<br />
And you can take it a step further:<br />
<br />
<b>yaran tanatebinsi</b>, don't let him speak to me! (Using the factual evidential)<br />
<br />
Historically one might argue that the suffix started off as a particle that quickly got fossilized into the verb. This particular mood is mostly used to ask any kind of permission and also in very polite contexts to allow for the recipient to grant a good wish upon the speaker. More on that soon.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-20017916751925050452012-12-17T13:30:00.000-03:002013-03-19T21:05:44.447-03:00Numerals, part 2We've seen numerals in Kareyku before up to the number 10. And this is the important part, because after that numerals become very predictable. To get the number following the 10, you just join 10 + number, so, if we continue with this logic we get:<br />
<br />
<b>haru-tiri, haru-kana, haru-hatiri, haru-hakana, haru-soka, haru-nawa, haru-hasoka, haru-hanawa, haru-naka.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The list might make this more simple:<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 2.75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 185px;">
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Number<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kareyku<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-tiri<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-kana<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-hatiri<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-hakana<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-soka<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-nawa<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-ha</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"><b>soka</b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-hanawa<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>haru-naka<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>kana-haru<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
From this point forward the numerals will repeat themselves in the same pattern, reverting the order for the tens. Finally we should note that the number 100 is not haru-haru, but <b>qayo</b>.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-42293809988767336772012-12-12T13:11:00.000-03:002013-04-28T09:08:22.347-03:00Imperative moodThe imperative mood has a particular form in Kareyku. In essence it only works for the second person and it's the same whether it is singular or plural. The form it uses is somewhat strange due to historical changes which I will not discuss here (but may in the future). The form is: -nma, and it is inflected just like any other well-born transition has been inflected up to this point.<br />
<br />
<b>ikan tokinma!</b>, protect me!<br />
<br />
<b>qappanma shu!</b>, eat up!<br />
<br />
You may ask yourself if one can use it in the passive, well yes you can. The form would be then;<br />
<br />
<b>tokeyma!</b>, be protected!<br />
<br />
I'm imagining it would be used as a kind of farewell or good wish. Note how the -n- drops but the infix remains the same. Now you may be wondering if the detransitive suffix will cause any problems, since it is essentially an -l- and it creates quite a pickle there. The answer is, the -nma applies for both transitive and intransitive verbs alike:<br />
<br />
<b>marinma</b>!, come!<br />
<br />
<b>tinma</b>!, do it!<br />
<br />
<b>tananma</b>!, speak!<br />
<br />
And so, the imperative can be used in all the tenses, but this would be very hard for me to explain without resorting to Ancient Greek. I will expand on this delicate item later on.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-86667844382897989972012-12-08T20:00:00.000-03:002013-04-28T09:08:21.015-03:00How to Present a Verb?After looking at all the different tenses and moods one might justly ask, how then do I enunciate a verb in Kareyku? Or what's the equivalent to an infinitive/gerund in Kareyku? As it happens, there is such a form. In Kareyku the intransitive form in the third person is used to convey what other languages do by way of the infinitive or a noun gerund form.<br />
<br />
<b>qappalta</b>, to eat/the eating<br />
<br />
<b>tokilta</b>, to defend/the defending<br />
<br />
Or to make a sentence;<br />
<br />
<b>qappalta pile gade</b>, "eating fish is good"<br />
<br />
So in this case it's a general statement that eating fish is something good or healthy. It can also be used as purpose constructions such as English "to eat", example:<br />
<br />
<b>marinma tokilta odanu inwa</b>, "come to defend your son"<br />
<br />
<br />Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-33952545280324201862012-11-24T12:00:00.000-03:002013-04-28T07:26:42.050-03:00Numerals, part 1The Kareyku numeric system is very odd. Not because of the names of the numerals, which are quite regular and in accordance to the language constraints, but because the counting defies any formal explanation, or at least, for all of them but the last too. The system is mainly decimal, and a historical analysis points towards the hands having been used at some point. The numerals are as follows:<br />
<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Number<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kareyku<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80" x:num=""><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>tiri</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>kana</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>hatiri</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80" x:num=""><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>hakana</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 60.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="80" x:num=""><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>soka</b>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt; text-align: center; width: 60pt;" valign="bottom" width="80"><b>hanawa</b>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
<br />
So, as can be seen here we have a clear sequence of groups of 2 or 4, that is <b>tiri</b>, <b>kana</b>, and then <b>hatiri </b>and <b>hakana</b>, which mean roughly "other 1" and "other 2" respectively. The last two number I have said had explanations in that 9 is clearly the word <b>naka</b>, "close, almost", and number 10 is <b>haru </b>"complete, perfect". One could consider this to be evidence of an older 4-based or 8-based system supplemented with a newer decimal system, but it nonetheless strikes as quite weird.<br />
<br />
The numerals are used preceding the noun or object they modify:<br />
<br />
<b>naka vineru</b>, nine men<br />
<br />
<b>hakana taro</b>, four fathers<br />
<br />
<b>hasoka nakem</b>, seven trees<br />
<br />
And present no irregularities or variabilities.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-41425159464460068242012-11-15T13:10:00.000-03:002013-04-28T09:08:37.791-03:00Detransitive suffixYou've read right, I meant a suffix that "detransitivizes" the verb if that has any sense at all. Bear with me, what I mean is that all Kareyku verbs are naturally transitive or ditransitive, but what if you need an intransitive verb? Well, you would use this crafty suffix to reduce the arguments to zero. The suffix, of course, takes all evidentials (and it will) and transitions, its form is an -l- inserted before the corresponding transition and we can see some examples:<br />
<br />
We have our always useful verb qappa- "eat", normally we would use a transition;<br />
<br />
<b>qappata</b>, he eats<br />
<br />
But this actually means literally "he eats (something)", it implies that he's eating something, like a fish, meat, vegetables (yeah, right!) or something. When we use this suffix, though, we get;<br />
<br />
<b>qappalta</b>, he eats<br />
<br />
In this other case I'm just stating that he eats. It can mean "he eats (everyday)" or "he eats" (i.e. "he can eat"), it means all the other uses that are intransitive. So for example;<br />
<br />
<b>kolto marilta</b>, he comes here<br />
<br />
Of course we can inflect it for time, so one would treat the -ta as a normal transition, thus;<br />
<br />
<b>kolto marilten</b>, he didn't come here<br />
<br />
<b>pokolto marilteyos</b>, he shall come home<br />
<br />
We can even further inflect it for the desiderative form:<br />
<br />
<b>taro mariltaltech</b>, "father doesn't want to come"<br />
<br />
Let's leave the entry with a final weird sentence:<br />
<br />
<b>pole nakem lau lopalkas</b>, "I live on top of a great tree"Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-9044390082051123562012-11-12T15:03:00.000-03:002013-04-28T07:25:41.591-03:00Familial terms, part 2Now it's the turn of the parents. We have two main terms for the parents, respectively <b>taro </b>and <b>kami </b>for father and mother. The history of the term "<b>kami</b>" seems to have come from an older root "<b>kam-</b>" of uncertain origins, which has been relegated to other compounds related to the "mother". For instance the word for the maternal grandfather is "<b>kemu</b>"while the maternal grandmother is "<b>hanta</b>". The word for grandmother "hanta" also seems to use some kind of old productive compounding, since the word incorporates a suffix similar to that of the mother-in-law, <b>kata</b>.<br />
<br />
The term for both parents is <b>okomi</b>, which means the pair of the mother and father. Again as it so happens in Kareyku the more idiomatic term for the father is "<i>oko</i>" almost as "<i>papa</i>", which in turn might be related to the term "<b>sekko</b>" which is the paternal grandfather.<br />
<br />
Another term with which a father may refer to his son is <b>awo</b>, "blood", and many other similar expressions remarking the bond of blood that a father and offspring share.<br />
<br />
<b>odan, inwa, ikanu awo</b><br />
"you, my son, are my blood"<br />
<br />Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-30170174267349850222012-11-01T12:47:00.000-03:002012-11-16T18:51:28.703-03:00Suffixes revisited: The Desiderative Suffix<br />
The Desiderative is properly a mood, not a tense, in Kareyku it is an infix that's attached to the verb and precedes the transition. This suffix is a reworking of a previous suffix I've mentioned, I'll make sure to straighten the whole thing up. In any case, the suffix is -tal- and we have some examples:<br />
<br />
<b>qappaka</b>, I eat<br />
<br />
<b>qappatalka</b>, I want to eat<br />
<br />
This is how the Desiderative form works, pretty simple. If you want to negate the verb, you simply apply the negative transitions and you are done:<br />
<br />
<b>qappatalke</b>, I don't want to eat<br />
<br />
<b>yeppatalke</b>, I don't want to serve<br />
<br />
This applies for all transitions and evidentials, of course;<br />
<br />
<b>inech yeppatalken</b>, "yesterday I didn't want to attend you"<br />
<br />
And we can even further apply other moods or voices, such as the passive;<br />
<br />
<b>kolla tokeytaltas</b>, "the country wants to be protected"<br />
<br />
Having set free this infix, I thought of reworking it into something much more useful such as this Desiderative form. In this way, nothing has been lost but a useful tool has been created to form such sentences as;<br />
<br />
<b>kollakume tokeytaltach</b>, "for the sake of the country he wants to be protected"Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-32241482029499426202012-10-24T11:46:00.000-03:002013-04-28T07:22:22.659-03:00Passive revisitedNow to clear up the passive voice in Kareyku. The passive uses the impersonal suffix -ey, but adds onto it the corresponding transition which, therefore, will have a passive meaning. This is the more idiomatic way of conveying a reversal of the normal flow of the transition, some examples:<br />
<br />
<b>awi chaqqeytas</b>, "the field is plowed"<br />
<br />
To which we can add;<br />
<br />
<b>awi odanqa chaqqeytas</b>, "the field is plowed by you"<br />
<br />
<b>kukun taroqa weneytanchi</b>, "a bird was bought by my father", "my father bought a bird", lit. "acquired"<br />
<br />
Talking about this being a more idiomatic way to reverse the natural flow of transitions, I give you these examples (remember Kareyku very often leaves pronouns out, specially in conversations):<br />
<br />
<b>qorikas, qoreykas?</b>, "I care for you, do you care for me?" lit. "am I cared (by you)?"<br />
<br />
This absence of pronouns will depend on context, since Kareyku is context-dependent. However, they are marked when they are needed or when you want to indicate an action was done for someone else, let's see an example of this last situation:<br />
<br />
<b>waka taroqa yaran weneytansi</b>, "my father got me a wife"<br />
<br />
By this last sentence I don't mean, as in the previous example, that the wife was "bought" but was rather "acquired" as in an arranged marriage. This, by the way, was a very common practice of some Kareyku speakers.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-18424572015160931042012-10-19T14:33:00.000-03:002013-04-28T07:23:15.411-03:00Familial terms, part 1Today I'll talk about some familial terms, words used to refer to different members of the family. This entry in particular will deal with the terms used for the offsprings. In Kareyku we have two different terms for this, on the one hand we have <b>ile</b>, which means literally "son", its feminine counterpart is <b>ali</b>, "daughter". But there is a more common term that's used, <b>inwa</b>, which is pretty neutral and means "child, offspring".<br />
<br />
As of usage, the first term is mostly used in a formal context or a neutral context. The second term, inwa, is the more idiomatic and also it's highly employed as a vocative and term of endearment for both genders. As a result, one may speak of one's son and daughter, but address them as "child". A derived term from this is for example <b>alile</b>, which means "son and daughter".<br />
<br />
<b>ikanu alile yori seya</b>, "my son and daughter are very young"<br />
<br />
Also of note is that in Kareyku one does not say "I have X children", but rather "I live with X children", so for instance a person with a son and a daughter would say:<br />
<br />
<b>alileni lopalkas</b>, "I have a son and a daughter"<br />
literally: "I live with a son and a daughter"<br />
<br />
And of course the famous phrase of respect for your in-laws:<br />
<br />
<b>ikanu waka odanu ali, shinu toru odanu ile</b><br />
"my wife is your daughter, her husband is your son"Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-73750742615126926412012-10-15T11:45:00.002-03:002013-04-28T07:24:36.581-03:00Suffixes revisited: Impersonal SuffixToday I'm going to start a series of posts revising suffixes I've mentioned and straightening up their final forms and usages. I will start with the impersonal suffix used with verbs. The impersonal verbs are more commonly referred in English as the weather verbs, because they are mainly used in this regard. In some other languages, including Kareyku, the "impersonality" can be further extended to almost any verb to mean not a particular person. Some languages, like English, use a dummy pronoun (in this case "it") or like French with "on".<br />
<br />
The impersonal suffix is -ey, and we can apply it to any verb, for example qappa- "to eat", giving:<br />
<br />
<b>Qappey</b>, "one eats"<br />
<br />
To exemplify its usage in a sentence:<br />
<br />
<b>ko-lyo save qapp-ey</b>, "one eats well here"<br />
<br />
It could just as well have been translated as "you can eat well here", or "one does eat well here". You can further apply adverbs like "always" or the like to imply different meanings. The suffix is quite productive and can be used with any other verb:<br />
<br />
<b>ikan ke odanu kemu taney</b>, "it is said that I'm not your friend"<br />
<br />
And of course, be used with evidentials;<br />
<br />
<b>ikan ke odanu kemu taney-n</b>, "I heard it being said that I'm not your friend"<br />
<br />
In expressions it often gives an idiomatic feel;<br />
<br />
<b>kopey shu?</b>, "is it understood?" > "got it?"<br />
<br />
And of course it can be used for all the weather verbs:<br />
<br />
<b>narey</b>, "it rains"Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-31888000031992490972012-06-21T15:37:00.001-03:002012-11-16T18:39:50.283-03:00Usage: particle shuThe perfective particle "<b>shu</b>" has an ample usage in everyday Kareyku. It's main function, as has been pointed out, is that of marking the perfective. It is mainly used with the past, but it can also be used with other tenses to give the idea that the action has been done entirely or has been done as a single complete event.<br />
<br />
Also it can be used in composition with "<i>yori</i>" meaning "much, a lot" and in this case it has the meaning of "too much" and indicates that the grade of the adjective is excessive. In this case it denotes insatisfaction on the part of the speaker. As in these examples:<br />
<br />
1. <b>uwa yaran yori kolom shu.</b><br />
[u.'wa ja.'ran yo.'ri ko.'lom ʃu]<br />
"you are too phony for me"<br />
<br />
It can even be used with some nouns, specially when talking about weather phenomena.<br />
<br />
2. <b>pokolyo</b> <b>yori are shu!</b><br />
[po.ko.'ljo yo.'ri a.'re ʃu]<br />
"It's too hot at home!"<br />
<br />
The use of the many evidentials and particles may add different shades to the sentence, as in the case of the intensive particle "ya".Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-47213981851631431872012-03-14T20:16:00.006-03:002012-10-14T23:32:23.166-03:00Particle wanToday's entry is about the particle <b>wan</b> which means "it is needed, it is necessary". This particle is used in Kareyku in a similar way as the English construction "it must needs", but with some differences due to Kareyku's own grammar phenomena.<br />
<br />
It is an invariable particle which precedes the verb it modifies. So for example the following sentence:<br />
<br />
<b>pile qappakas</b><br />
[pi.'le qa.ppa.'kas]<br />
I eat fish.<br />
<br />
Turns to:<br />
<br />
<b>pile <i>wan </i>qappakas</b><br />
[pi.'le waŋ qa.ppa.'kas]<br />
I need to eat fish.<br />
<br />
Just as easy. The question now is how to create a sentence of the likes of "I need you to eat fish", in this case we would change the flow of the verb (the suffix) but include a pronoun with topic marker preceding the particle. So:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>pile <i>ikejen </i>wan qappa<i>da</i>s</b></div>
<div>
[pi.'le i.'ke.jen waŋ qa.ppa.'das]<br />
<b><i>I</i></b> need <i>you </i>to eat fish.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The meaning here that it is one's need that the other person do the action, note that the flow is quite simple "you eat fish", and the pronoun would be modifying the particle, the <i>needing</i> of something. So it is <i>my needing</i> that <i>you </i>eat it, or "to my mind it is needed that you eat it".</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><i>arejen </i>wan osha tana<i>ka</i>sh</b></div>
<div>
[a.'ɾe.jen wan o.'ʃa ta.na.'kaʃ]<br />
I think <i>he </i>needs <i>me</i> to speak to them.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This one is more complicated, but the analyses is the same. It is his need / I speak (to) them. The transition of the verb marks a flow from a 1st person singular to some other person, which is being explicitly marked by the pronoun "osha" (they) in this case.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A simple lesson for today and one more particle to get to know.</div>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-37859504398389896852011-08-07T19:16:00.000-03:002012-10-14T23:32:33.181-03:00Kareyku verbs, Direct/inverse voiceRecently I've decided to lean towards a direct/inverse voice in Kareyku. This would allow for potentially better structures and leads to new options in expression. I've decided the flow should follow a hierarchy, so with this new plan the transitions would be:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>1st > someone, -<b>ka</b></li>
<li>2nd > someone (3rd, 3rd.a), -<b>da</b></li>
<li>3rd > someone (3rd.a), -<b>ta</b></li>
</ol>
<br />
This would go for the direct voice, the inverse voice would reverse the flow, so, with the inverse you would have:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>1st < someone, -<b>talka</b></li>
<li>2nd < someone, -<b>talda</b></li>
<li>3rd < someone, -<b>talta</b></li>
</ol>
<br />
So in this new plan there is more clarity but at the same time I've managed to preserve the ambiguities. And the infix only reverts the hierarchical flow in 1 step. So a sentence would look like:<br />
<blockquote>
<b>qorikas, qoritalkas?</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
I love you, do you love me?</blockquote>
<br />
With the proper evidentials. It is worth noting that the inverse could be taken as "do you love me" or even "am I loved?" if you decide to use the 3rd person, you get a kind of impersonal or passive construction.<br />
<blockquote>
<b>qoritaltan</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
Someone loves him, I hear.</blockquote>
If clarity is needed, pronouns should be used. Maybe <b>pen toritalkas?</b> would appear clearer to avoid confusion, although context may make them unnecessary, as Kareyku is a pro-drop language with a lot of contextual information needed.<br />
<br />
<br />Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-15180635817173348742011-04-12T12:32:00.001-03:002012-10-14T23:32:23.152-03:00The Conditional<b>Kareyku</b> has a <b>Conditional mood</b> used for polite asking and suppositions as well. Actually this and the Future Tense actually stem from a quite particular development in Kareyku grammar. It is believed that <b>Old Kareyku</b> actually only distinguished between Realis and Irrealis moods. Part of this can be seen in that the "pure" verbal themes seem to be the Present Simple for the Realis mood and the Future/Conditional for the Irrealis which split into two early in Kareyku's history. The distinction originally was that of "what really happens" and what "didn't really happen".<br />
<br />
The first development of Kareyku grammar seems to be the Past Tense, which stems from the Present (note that both use the same particles) plus a Reportative Evidential, that is to say the -n. This seems to point to the origin of Past as a reporting of the Present, "they say this <i>happened</i>". For the Irrealis "that has not really happened" it split into two from the same root, the "has not happened yet", i.e. the Future and the "has not happened but could", i.e. what would evolve to the Conditional. Interestingly enough they come from an Old K. *-kœː- for the positive and *-kœːi- with i-umlaut for the negative, which extended its root thus; *-kœː- > *-kœːʲœ-; and *-kœːʲœi- with expected turns towards o-coloring and e-coloring for positive and negative.<br />
<br />
Thusly we arrive to the Conditional:<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">1. expressed by infix</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><b>-ko-</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">2. expressed by infix</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><b>-do-</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">3. expressed by infix</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><b>-to-</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">For the positive and:</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">1. expressed by infix <b>-keye-</b><br />2. expressed by infix <b>-deye-</b><br />3. expressed by infix <b>-teye-</b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, 'Palatino Linotype', Palatino, serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;">For the negative. Whence specialists believe that the original sequence <b>-ko/-ki</b> was positive Conditional, Irrealis, or Theoretical mood, and negative Future. In Classic and Archaic poetry the positive conditional is often employed as a refined positive future, with the sense "<i>this could come to happen</i>". All this is in agreement with the fact that Kareyku culture considers certainty as undesirable or otherwise impolite, so you can say for instance that "the stars will not fall" but "the Sun could always rise", asserting a truth unchecked in the positive is irrespectful to both humans and nature alike.</span></span>Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-41434032847527996672010-11-10T02:14:00.002-03:002013-04-28T07:32:42.505-03:00The Future TenseUnder the new development of Kareyku we would only have 3 transitions according to hierarchy. The Future Tense would be expressed then:<br />
<br />
1. expressed by infix <b>-keyo-</b><br />
2. expressed by infix <b>-deyo-</b><br />
3. expressed by infix <b>-teyo-</b><br />
<br />
Pretty simple, this would get us such constructions as:<br />
<br />
<b>qappakeyo</b> <i>I will eat</i><br />
<b>tokiteyo</b> <i>He will protect</i><br />
<br />
Further developed with evidentials:<br />
<br />
<b>qappakeyo-s</b> <i>I will eat (fact)</i><br />
<b>oshan tokiteyo-n</b> <i>I hear he will protect them</i><br />
<b>tanadeyo-ch</b> <i>You will speak to him (I assume)</i><br />
<br />
As for their negative forms:<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
1. expressed by infix <b>-ki-</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
2. expressed by infix <b>-di-</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
3. expressed by infix <b>-ti-</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>pile qappakis</b> <i>I will not eat fish</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>oshan tanakilcha</b> <i>I will obviously not talk to them</i></div>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-69737236850524903222010-10-06T01:37:00.001-03:002013-04-28T07:32:40.692-03:00Relative cliticThe equivalent of a relative clause is dealt in <b>Kareyku</b> with a <b>Relative clitic</b>. The clitic is attached as a normal suffix at the end of the noun and the declension if any. The clitic is <b>-ja</b> and such examples exist as:<br />
<blockquote>
<b>vineru-ja kevire qappa-ta-l pile</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
person-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">REL</span> never eat-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4T</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">EVD</span> fish</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>"A person who is known to never eat fish"</i></blockquote>
The clitic is highly productive and somewhat related to the topic marker, -ejen.<br />
<blockquote>
<b>Karey-ja tan-ey-ta poko-lyo</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
Kareyku-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">REL</span> speak-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IMP</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4T</span> house-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">LOC</span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>"The Kareyku spoken at home" or "The Kareyku <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">as</span> spoken at home"</i></blockquote>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-81537167728384126332010-10-05T01:25:00.000-03:002013-04-28T07:32:39.786-03:00Impersonal infixKareyku has an impersonal infix -ey- attached to the verb. So for example, in sentences:<br />
<blockquote>
<b> tan-ey-te odanu poko-lyo</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
speak-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IMP</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4T.NEG</span> you-POSS house-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">LOC</span></blockquote>
This can be translated into "<i>He doesn't speak at your house</i>" or "<i>One doesn't speak at your home</i>". In addition the -ey- infix can be used to make a kind of irrealis construction approximate to subjunctive.<br />
<blockquote>
<b>shin ikejen tyasa tan-ey-te</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3RD.SG</span> I-TOP prefer speak-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IMP</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4T.NEG</span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>I prefer he didn't speak</i></blockquote>
Pretty simple, but it can be used in so many constructions and variations, also compounded with the evidentials and others.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-82491737119524120292010-09-18T22:18:00.001-03:002013-04-28T09:09:40.912-03:00Noun DeclensionsKareyku has a number of declensions for the noun (and some even more verbs). It is interesting to note that while there are 2 cases which could be identified with the dative, there is no accusative. This has lead many specialists to believe that Kareyku cases are only post-positional. But the classical nomenclature prevails.<br />
<br />
<div style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: #bec0bf; border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Case</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #bec0bf; border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Suffix</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #bec0bf; border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Example</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background-color: #bec0bf; border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Translation</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">allative</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-lto</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>lto</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">towards the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">benefactive</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-kume</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>kume</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">for the house's sake</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">translative</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-bara</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>bara</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">through the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">locative</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-lyo</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>lyo</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">at the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">comitative</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-ni, -i</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
ikani, odani</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">with me, with you</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">abessive</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-wan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>wan</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">without the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">causative</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-beki</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>beki</b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">because of the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">ablative</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-wo/-mo</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>wo</b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">from the house</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">genitive</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-na</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>na</b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">the house's</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">instrumental</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-qa</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">poko<b>qa</b></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">by means of the house</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">dative</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">-ran</span></div>
</td>
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yaran, daran</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #000000 #000000 #000000 #000000; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; height: 12.0px; padding: 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px 5.0px; width: 109.2px;" valign="top"><div style="font: 10.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">for me, for you</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
The first dative is mostly an allative actually and indicates direction, so for instance '<b>komalto mari</b>!' '<i>come here</i>!' or simply '<b>komalto</b>!' can be used as an order. While the other would be used as 'I have a flower <i>for you</i>' or what is the same 'for your benefit' or any other circumstance in which you would use a dative, in fact, it's mainly used with animate nouns. The first mostly used in the sense of direction, as in a letter sent <i>to</i>, but the latter as in it was <i>given to</i>.<br />
<br />
Then you have the use of the comitative vs. abessive, <b>ikan odani</b> '<i>you and I</i>' vs. <b>pokowan ikan han</b> '<i>without my house I'm nothing</i>'. But this is not intruding with the instrumental sense of 'with' which would require the instrumental proper.<br />
<br />
The causative can be used with nouns and with verbs. For example <b>ikanu lanibeki tanatas</b> <i>because my heart tells me so</i>, and in the verb it is the causative mood, <b>qappakanbekis</b> <i>I fed him</i>.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-63206256541032993542010-08-26T23:18:00.001-03:002012-10-14T23:32:23.173-03:00The Topic Marker<br />
Kareyku employs what is called a Topic Marker. This marker varies greatly depending on the language, in the case of Kareyku it not only serves to mark the topic of a statement, but also can be translated as "in regards to" or "talking about...", so for instance you can use it in a sentence like<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
<b>mas-ejen qappa-ka-l pilé</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
food-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">TOP</span> eat-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2TR</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">EVD</span> fish</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>Regarding food, I'm known to eat fish</i></blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
It can also mean "I prefer fish" or "I like fish the most". The topic marker being -ejen and replacing any final vowels, it can also be used with pronouns, in which case they have some different kind of forms, so <b>ikan</b> '1st sg.' would turn into <b>ikejen</b> and <b>pen</b> '2nd sg.' would be <b>pejen</b>. So, as can be seen it is used to specify.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
<b>kar-ejen tana-ka-ch Karey-qa</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
speech-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">TOP</span> speak-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2TR</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">EVD </span> Kareyku-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">INSTR</span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>As regards to languages, I speak Kareyku</i></blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
This last one uses the suffix -<b>qa</b> which means 'by means of' and is used in such constructions. Note that the name <i>Kareyku</i> will be rendered <i>Karey</i>- when any suffixes are used. It can also be used in other senses, for example with the question adverb to specify the subject of the question</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
<b>Cham-ejen tana-da-s?</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
what-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">TOP</span> speak-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3EV</span>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">EVD</span>?</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>What are you talking about?</i></blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
And this would be answered of course using the topic marker, so</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
<b>pok-ejen</b></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>about a house/houses</i></blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Always remembering that it can refer to a single house previously mentioned or maybe to houses in general, depending on the context.</div>Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-6712272713717829762010-08-11T08:25:00.003-03:002012-10-14T23:32:23.176-03:00Declarative particlesAs Kareyku lacks a copular verb it relies in <span style="font-weight: bold;">declarative particles</span>. This particles are used to express a state or mood, there are three declarative particles in Kareyku. The first particle is <span style="font-weight: bold;">la</span> which mean a 'state or mood in which the subject is feeling or being', so, for example, to express such a construction as 'I'm happy' would be realized in Kareyku as<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">wilé la</span><br />
happiness DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I'm happy or I feel like happiness</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
In this particular case the person feeling happy is gathered from context. If I express it, or <span style="font-style: italic;">declare</span> it, I am the one who must be happy. The second particle is <span style="font-weight: bold;">ku</span> which means 'to be in a stance for' barely.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">tanaka ku</span><br />
speak-1T DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I'm ready to speak to you</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
To express you are ready to engage some activity. It also depends on the context, but in this case the one who is ready is the same as the subject of the verb. There is a subtle difference between the two of the above expressed declarative particles. For example to express to different things about one verb<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka la</span><br />
eat-2T DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I feel like eating or I'm hungry/I want to eat</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
compare to<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka ku</span><br />
eat-2T DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I'm ready to eat</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
The first could be understood to mean 'I'm hungry' or 'I'm in the mood to eat (something)' this relies heavily in context, while the second can be said when you take your sit at the table and want the feast to commence, or maybe when you want someone to start serving the food. You can always add evidentials to these. The last declarative particle is <span style="font-weight: bold;">shu</span> this is not really a particle in the same sense as the others, but Kareyku grammarians still do group it as a declarative particle. It means completion of an action or to do something until the end. This is mostly used when ordering something to be carried through.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">qappada shu!</span><br />
eat-3T DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Eat up! or eat it all!</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
You can hear a mother say to her child. Needless to say it has some other uses, such as if someone wants to tell you something but takes a lot to finally say what he means to say, you can always snarl<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">ikan tanada shu!</span><br />
1st say-3T DECL<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Tell me already!</span></blockquote>
<br />
<br />
In this sentence the meaning is the same as the translation, and you can thus see how important context is in Kareyku specially in relation to the declarative particles which are widely used. This is the same kind of particle you use in the respectful greeting <span style="font-weight: bold;">pendibeki wilé ladome</span>, the evidential always attached to the declarative particle.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-45571823098890839462010-07-26T00:28:00.004-03:002013-04-28T07:33:29.648-03:00About ambiguity in KareykuAs you may have noticed in previous posts, the transitions do not cover all the <span style="font-style: italic;">who-to-whom</span> possibilities in Kareyku. While you have transitions which clearly state from 1st person to both 2nd and 3rd person independently, you don't have this from 2nd and 3rd person subjects. Thus <span style="font-weight: bold;">-da</span> can either mean <span style="font-style: italic;">you-to-me</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">you-to-him/her/it</span>, and the same goes for <span style="font-weight: bold;">-ta</span>, which can mean either <span style="font-style: italic;">3rd-to-me</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">3rd-to-you</span> or even <span style="font-style: italic;">3rd-to-3rd</span> (a different 3rd person that is, since you have a reflexive).<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tokida</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">you protect me/he/she/it</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tokita</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">he/she/it protects me/you/him/her/it</span></blockquote>
<br />
So, how can you clearly mark the object or patient in this sentences? Well, Kareyku relies in these cases in context. But even when context is not clear enough you can always use the independent pronouns to mark it. In those cases where you mark the pronoun, the subject will always be understood to be the subject of the transition.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Shin tokida</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">you protect him</span> (you are protecting him)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Odan tokita</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">he protects you</span> (he's protecting you)</blockquote>
<br />
Pretty simple. To this, of course many additions can be made. For example the use of prepositions or even evidentials.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">ikani odan tokitas.</span><br />
1st-ADD 2nd protect-4T-EV<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">He is protecting you with me</span></blockquote>
<br />
I thought this was worth mentioning. Needless to say, the object or patient of the transition can be either omitted or expressed. In those cases where the patient is a pronoun to over express it will have an emphatic sense, otherwise it's just correct.<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">tokikal ikanu lani</span><br />
protect-2T-EV 1st-GEN heart<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I am known for protecting my heart</span></blockquote>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-57000833110334200412010-06-25T15:29:00.003-03:002012-11-16T18:51:58.642-03:00The Past TenseThe past tense employs in Kareyku the following transitions for the positive:<br />
<blockquote>
<br />
Transition 1 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">kan</span><br />
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">dan</span><br />
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">tan</span></blockquote>
<br />
So pretty much the same as the present plus the suffix -n. Thus the same happens for the negative, which is:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
Transition 1 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">ken</span><br />
Transition 2 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">den</span><br />
Transition 3 is expressed by infix -<span style="font-weight: bold;">ten</span></blockquote>
<br />
Pretty simple. Note that the past tense ends in -n and so when using an evidential it will take the long version. This is the explanation why you have long and short evidentials, the long ones are mostly used when the past is used, because Kareku doesn't allow nasal + consonant codas. Thus:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">tokikansi</span>. <span style="font-style: italic;">I protected (it)</span>. With fact evidential.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">qappakanni</span>. <span style="font-style: italic;">I ate (it)</span>. With hear-say evidential.</blockquote>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-35170309352637866492010-06-20T19:53:00.003-03:002012-10-15T20:32:48.963-03:00Evidentials focusAs mentioned before, the evidentials can be affixed to verbs, nouns or adjectives with different results. In fact in a sentence the place where one affixes the evidentials makes subtle changes in the sense of the sentence. For example, if we go back to our sample sentence: <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka pile</span>.<br />
<br />
Using the "hear-say evidential" we can get <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappakan pile</span> or <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka pilen</span>. The first one means "I've heard I eat fish", while the second would be closer in meaning to "Fish is what I've heard I eat". The difference is very subtle, but can be used for rhetorical purposes.<br />
<br />
In fact <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappakach pile</span> means "I assume I eat fish", but <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka pilech</span> means "I assume that what I eat is fish". That's why a sentence like <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappaka piles</span> sounds a lot like "What I'm eating IS fish". Depending where the evidential is placed the focus shifts.Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-669622867280630963.post-40555656955293340382010-06-18T00:02:00.012-03:002013-04-28T07:34:28.633-03:00Evidentials usageTo clear up some doubts about evidentials I will clarify some with examples. For instance, how the "obvious evidential" is used. It is the equivalent to the usage we give to tone in this context, "duh!" and the like.<br />
<br />
In a given dialogue:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">- Chaman koy?<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>- pilelcha!</span></blockquote>
<br />
This can be translated into:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-style: italic;">- What is this?</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Duh! It's a fish!</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">It's a fish, don't you see it?</span></blockquote>
<br />
Hence the interpretation as a rude or very informal referential. The "fact evidential" is really more neutral, but still informal. While it is common in normal speech, it can be rude using it to someone you don't know or an elder, or someone who deserves respect altogether.<br />
<br />
Now the "infamous evidential" always marks someone for something his famous for abusing. For instance if you say <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappatal</span> can mean <span style="font-style: italic;">"he is famous for eating"</span> as in <span style="font-style: italic;">"he enjoys it very much"</span>. But saying <span style="font-weight: bold;">qappatalya</span> will yield the sense <span style="font-style: italic;">"he is famous for eating"</span> as in <span style="font-style: italic;">"he can't stop eating"</span> or <span style="font-style: italic;">"he's a fat-ass"</span>. This ending used to be the much more formal, much older form of <span style="font-weight: bold;">-l</span>, used about people like the king <span style="font-style: italic;">"his majesty is most famous for defeating his enemies"</span> and over time through popular usage it came to be pejorative but in a sense of excess.<br />
<br />
Even if between friends you would tend to use <span style="font-weight: bold;">-s</span> the "fact evidential" it would be good to remind that when facing someone's father, for instance, it'd probably be better to use <span style="font-weight: bold;">-sha</span> "I believe". Even in the same example as before:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">- Chaman koy?</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- What is this?</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">- pilesha.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- I believe it is fish.</span></blockquote>
<br />
While you could answer <i>pile</i> or <i>piles</i> to a friend or acquaintance.<br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">odanibeki las wile.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">I'm happy for being with you.</span></blockquote>
Dro. Esplorantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01669332568523067135noreply@blogger.com0